Curbs to stop the virus in Shanghai, China's fashion capital, ground the city of 25 million to a halt in April and May, leaving clothing and beauty product displays in stores untouched and containers of imported apparel stranded at port.

The city's re-opening this month saw a flood of goods ship from warehouses to store shelves already laden with merchandise unsold during two months of lockdown. Normally around a fifth of all imported goods coming into China pass through Shanghai's port.

Days after COVID-19 curbs eased, large "sales" signs went up across Shanghai, with retailers from Lululemon to Victoria's Secret offering discounts to lure shoppers.

Even online retailers have struggled to clear a glut caused by lockdowns and supply interruptions.

"This affected us a lot," said Josh Gardner, founder and chief executive of China market e-commerce partner Kung Fu Data, which manages online stores for 10 fashion brands, including G-Star Raw.

"In April, May on (China's major e-commerce) platforms, there wasn't a t-shirt to be found, we were sold out of summer stock and so was everyone else, there was just no product," he said. "Now, everyone's just bleeding and stuck with a lot of inventory they can't move."

China is a major market for personal luxury goods companies with sales reaching $74.4 billion in 2021, according to Bain.

One consultancy estimated that sales during "618" – a major shopping event in China from May 31 to June 20 - across the main e-commerce sites, such as Tmall and JD.com, were flat year-on-year.

In the event's opening week, data from Tmall showed men's wear sales had dropped 22% and women's wear was down 4%, although activewear sales rose 26%, possibly due to an increased focus on fitness during the lockdown.

For now, some retailers are warehousing inventory and ordering less for the fourth quarter when they will try to clear existing stock through November's Singles' Day.

"For the apparel category, due to the epidemic and sluggish consumption, there is a high level of inventory backlog of spring collections," JD.com chief executive Lei Xu said following the online retailer's first quarter earnings. "As a result, many factories are considering skipping their ... summer collections."

Flash sales specialists OnTheList, which sells luxury products for brands including Versace, Jimmy Choo and Lanvin at discounts of 70% or more, re-opened its physical Shanghai showroom last weekend with a sale from Salvatore Ferragamo.

The high-end Italian fashion brand and almost all other retailers in Shanghai closed stores closed throughout April and May. Salvatore Ferragamo declined to comment.

Jean Liang, OnTheList's China managing director, said luxury brands are now more open to online sales, as well as offline sales, while cosmetics brands are pro-actively looking to hold sales to clear excess inventory.

"Before it was always us pitching asking them about their plans and now they approach us, which means they have inventory they need to clean out to have a healthy stock situation," she said. OnTheList's calendar of flash sales, which run every few days, is already booked through to September.

Sending products abroad to be distributed in Europe or America is another solution but is currently complicated by surging shipping and air transport costs, said Benny Wong, supply chain director at online wholesale marketplace, Peeba.

"Now the main hurdle is transportation ... that creates a big problem for the inventory owner," he said. "Inventory can kill (and) some product categories have huge inventory to move."

CONSUMERS WARY

Weeks after re-opening, retail sentiment is downbeat with Shanghai's consumers yet to return to malls in significant numbers and footfall around half its usual levels in major downtown malls, according to retail staff.

People in Shanghai are reluctant to return to indoor public areas largely out of fear of being locked down again, as China's dogged zero-COVID policies demand each time new infections emerge.

A continued ban on in-restaurant dining also means malls remain without their usual food and beverage attractions.

Across China, retail sales slipped 6.7% in May from a year earlier, extending the previous month's 11.1% decline, as a slowdown in the world's second-largest economy discouraged consumer spending.

"In terms of inventory clearance there's not really a good solution in China," Kung Fu Data's Gardner said. "I mean, what are you going to do that's not going to destroy your brand?"